Pharmacology of Renal System and Diuretics Multiple Choice Question 1) Osmotic diuretics are a class of drugs that work by increasing the osmolarity (concentration) of the filtrate in the renal tubules, which inhibits the reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. This results in increased urine output and removal of excess fluid from the body.Osmotic diuretics are contraindicated in...........................................?a) Increased intracranial tension b) Increased intraocular tension c) Established acute renal failure d) Poisonings 2) The antidiuretic...…Pharmacology of Renal System and Diuretics Multiple Choice Question 1) Osmotic diuretics are a class of drugs that work by increasing the osmolarity (concentration) of the filtrate in the renal tubules, which inhibits the reabsorption of water and electrolytes such as sodium and chloride. This results in increased urine output and removal of excess fluid from the body.Osmotic diuretics are contraindicated in...........................................?a) Increased intracranial tension b) Increased intraocular tension c) Established acute renal failure d) Poisonings 2) The antidiuretic...WW…

  Four major species are identified namely P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale, P malariaeClinically Important Anti-Malarial Drugs, Prevention and Treatment of Malaria:The four most important and widely used drugs for the treatment of malaria:1.Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine2. Quinine3. Primaquine 4. AntifolatesClinical Indication- Chloroquine (CQ) is mostly effective against all four types of malaria (except chloroquine-resistant P falciparum) - Hydroxychloroquine is the analog of a chloroquine, a less toxic metabolite of CQ.- Used in the treatment of acute malaria-...…  Four major species are identified namely P falciparum, P vivax, P ovale, P malariaeClinically Important Anti-Malarial Drugs, Prevention and Treatment of Malaria:The four most important and widely used drugs for the treatment of malaria:1.Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine2. Quinine3. Primaquine 4. AntifolatesClinical Indication- Chloroquine (CQ) is mostly effective against all four types of malaria (except chloroquine-resistant P falciparum) - Hydroxychloroquine is the analog of a chloroquine, a less toxic metabolite of CQ.- Used in the treatment of acute malaria-...WW…

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Introduction: We have created this blog page to empower the student with the concepts of integrated biomedical sciences. The biomedical sciences vastly expanding and the knowledge of the basic concepts of biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunology, becoming important to understand physiology, disease pathology, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Discovering the diagnosis or treatment tools require an understanding of these basic concepts and applying them in an integrated manner. Let’s take an example: Gene therapy is a method that can permanently treat any...…Introduction: We have created this blog page to empower the student with the concepts of integrated biomedical sciences. The biomedical sciences vastly expanding and the knowledge of the basic concepts of biochemistry, microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunology, becoming important to understand physiology, disease pathology, disease diagnosis, and treatment. Discovering the diagnosis or treatment tools require an understanding of these basic concepts and applying them in an integrated manner. Let’s take an example: Gene therapy is a method that can permanently treat any...WW…

Evidence that offspring traits can be shaped by parental life experiences in an epigenetically inherited manner paves a way for understanding the etiology of depression. Here, we show that F1 offspring born to F0 males of depression-like model are susceptible to depression-like symptoms at the molecular, neuronal, and behavioral levels. Sperm small RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in particular, exhibit distinct expression profiles in F0 males of depression-like model and recapitulate paternal depressive-like phenotypes in F1 offspring. Neutralization of the abnormal miRNAs in zygotes by...…Evidence that offspring traits can be shaped by parental life experiences in an epigenetically inherited manner paves a way for understanding the etiology of depression. Here, we show that F1 offspring born to F0 males of depression-like model are susceptible to depression-like symptoms at the molecular, neuronal, and behavioral levels. Sperm small RNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) in particular, exhibit distinct expression profiles in F0 males of depression-like model and recapitulate paternal depressive-like phenotypes in F1 offspring. Neutralization of the abnormal miRNAs in zygotes by...WW…

In this study, we demonstrated an essential function of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP)–associated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling in influenza A virus (IAV)–induced cytokine storm. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), a key enzyme for protein O-GlcNAcylation, mediated IAV-induced cytokine production. Upon investigating the mechanisms driving this event, we determined that IAV induced OGT to bind to interferon regulatory factor–5 (IRF5), leading to O-GlcNAcylation of IRF5 on serine-430. O-GlcNAcylation of IRF5 is required for K63-linked ubiquitination of IRF5 and...…In this study, we demonstrated an essential function of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP)–associated O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) signaling in influenza A virus (IAV)–induced cytokine storm. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), a key enzyme for protein O-GlcNAcylation, mediated IAV-induced cytokine production. Upon investigating the mechanisms driving this event, we determined that IAV induced OGT to bind to interferon regulatory factor–5 (IRF5), leading to O-GlcNAcylation of IRF5 on serine-430. O-GlcNAcylation of IRF5 is required for K63-linked ubiquitination of IRF5 and...WW…