Name: Many South Asian Americans Tap Into Their Community To Kick-Start Their Political Careers
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Many South Asian Americans Tap Into Their Community To Kick-Start Their Political Careers

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Suraj Patel’s 2020 campaign website featured three ads: one in English, one in Spanish and one in Gujarati. Only a of people in the New York City district where Patel was running speak Gujarati, but Patel told me that it was important that he have a video in his native language so that he could speak directly to his parents and the other Gujarati-speaking Americans who supported his campaign.In fact, it was primarily thanks to Gujarati Americans and other South Asian American donors that Patel was able to get his campaign off the ground in the first place. Nearly 84 percent of the $1 million he raised from individual contributors came from South Asian Americans.“You don’t have the same sort of support systems that have been built over the generations for other groups,” Patel said about campaigning as an Indian American. “It’s just like how our families built their businesses: borrowing from friends and networks and informal networks of mentorship and support from niche communities.”Ultimately, Patel met the same fate , losing the Democratic primary in New York’s 12th Congressional District to longtime incumbent Rep. Carolyn Maloney (). But Patel’s experience — particularly the extent to which he relied on donations from other South Asian Americans to kick-start his campaign — illustrates one path for South Asian Americans to run for political office.However, it’s also a complicated story: While fundraising from within the South Asian American community can help get campaigns like Patel’s off the ground, community support doesn’t always guarantee success and can pose a unique set of challenges for newcomers.DemocratRepublicanOtherYearCands.DonationsCands.DonationsCands.Donations20001$2,5511$7,630——20023164,28428,675——20041262,53241,710,9381$50020065874,56031,761,70214,000200841,591,276371,44428,900201076,696,6405694,934——2012137,449,3472570,514——2014118,408,5583684,413112,45020161212,695,98772,142,52014,50020183220,219,47181,190,8661107,62320202123,396,123144,293,285223,633In recent years, South Asian Americans have become an increasingly active force in politics, going from only two candidates running in 2000 to in the past two election cycles, according to a FiveThirtyEight analysis. Most South Asian American political activity still falls within the Democratic Party, as evidenced by both the number of candidates running and where donors are giving their money. also find that the identify as Democrats.Despite leaning Democratic, South Asian Americans — like any group — are ideologically diverse. South Asian American candidates this past election cycle ranged from New York progressives like Patel to Tennessee Republicans like , who ran in his state’s primary for U.S. Senate on an explicitly pro-Trump agenda. But while some inroads in recent years — especially in courting Indian Americans — only a few Republican congressional candidates advanced to the general election, and they .Among them was Rik Mehta, a candidate for Senate in New Jersey, who against New Jersey Sen. Cory Booker. Like Patel, Mehta raised a significant amount from South Asian Americans (about half of his donations came from South Asian Americans). However, so did Mehta’s opponent, Booker — in fact, he raised more dollars from South Asian Americans than Mehta did — highlighting just how hard it can be for newcomers to raise money from an ideologically diverse community, even if they share an ethnic identity.Patel raised money primarily from Indian Americans, but he really tapped into one particular community: other Patels. Seventy percent of donations from individual contributors came from people with the last name Patel — a common last name among a subgroup of the relatively wealthy Gujarati community.Patel told me that fundraising within his own community was the obvious place to start. “[It] was what I think every ethnic group has done in the past,” Patel said, citing how Irish Catholics tapped into community pools of money when they first began to run for office around the turn of the 20th century.According to our analysis of (which list all direct contributions from individual donors of $200 or more), Patel was one of about a dozen South Asian Americans whose campaigns were primarily funded by other South Asian Americans in 2020. In fact, we found a fairly strong coethnic donation effect — that is, many South Asian Americans gave disproportionately to candidates who were also South Asian. (We used , an that tries to guess a person’s ethnicity based on their name, in our analysis to see who South Asian Americans were backing.) In total, over a quarter of the money that we traced to donors with South Asian names was given to candidates who were also South Asian.Senate racesAmount Donated (In Thousands)CandidateptystateTotalCoethnicCoethnic %Sara GideonME$42,952$7132%Dr. Manny SethiTN2,5221265Rik MehtaNJ1949851Usha ReddiKS924853Hirsh SinghNJ2253315Dr. Shiva AyyaduraiMA14953House racesAmount Donated (In Thousands)CandidatePtySeatTotalCoethnicCoethnic %Raja KrishnamoorthiIL-8$4,782$2,60154%Sri Preston KulkarniTX-224,0961,24130Ro KhannaCA-173,4231,07631Suraj PatelNY-121,01684984Rishi KumarCA-1850244789Dr. Pritesh GandhiTX-101,06444442Qasim RashidVA-179133042Dr. Hiral TipirneniAZ-64,0172586Pramila JayapalWA-71,60117711Krishna BansalIL-1115814491Nisha SharmaCA-1114713994Ritesh TandonCA-1712912093Kiran SreepadaTN-715910667Bangar Reddy AalooriTX-229695100Solomon RajputMI-121128676Dr. Ami BeraCA-78108110Nabilah IslamGA-74467517Manga AnantatmulaVA-111173631Arati KreibichNJ-52733212Badrun KhanNY-14472247Dr. Inam HussainIL-8302170Shahid ButtarCA-12599163Aditya PaiCA-45221464Anita MalikAZ-6157117Dr. Bimal PatelTX-1829828Debesh SarkarNC-45595Shaniyat ChowdhuryNY-53913Dr. Bisham SinghMI-105121Sunny ChaparalaTX-24407The fact that many South Asian American donors are funding other South Asian Americans’ campaigns isn’t a new phenomenon — or limited to South Asian Americans. According to Jake Grumbach, a professor of political science at the University of Washington who has studied how nonwhite donors give politically, when candidates of color are on the ballot, those of the same race or ethnicity are more motivated to give. His in general elections from 1980 to 2012 found that the effect is particularly strong among Asian Americans.Grumbach’s study didn’t separate out Asian Americans by national origin, but a by Wendy K. Tam Cho, a professor of political science at the University of Illinois, did. She found that the strongest indicator of whether Asian Americans would donate to a political campaign was whether a candidate was also Asian American. There was a catch, though. Cho found this effect was limited to Asian Americans of the same background. That is, Chinese Americans were likely to donate to other Chinese Americans, and Indian Americans to other Indian Americans.But a candidate’s ethnicity was so central to whether they would receive donations from Asian Americans, Cho found it even outweighed a candidate’s viability — perhaps helping explain why a longshot like Mehta, who ran against an incumbent like Booker, still got so much funding from other South Asian Americans.There’s no one answer for why someone gives to a longshot campaign, but one possible explanation that Cho provides is that it can be important symbolically.South Asians aren’t just backing longshot candidates, though. There have also been many successes. Take the four sitting House members of South Asian American origin — Ami Bera, Pramila Jayapal, Ro Khanna and Raja Krishnamoorthi — all Democrats who won reelection this year and “the Samosa Caucus.”They have each received at least some funding from South Asian Americans, but the extent to which they have relied on (and continue to rely on) money from fellow South Asian Americans has varied.Jayapal, for example, received about $250,000 from South Asian American donors during her first run for Congress in Seattle in 2016, but that was only a small fraction of the $3 million she raised that year from her broader progressive coalition. Meanwhile, Bera and Khanna, who represent California districts near Sacramento and San Jose, respectively, received more than half of their big-dollar donations from South Asian American donors in their first runs for Congress. But as their tenure in Congress has lengthened, their funding sources have grown less reliant on South Asian American donations — especially Bera’s. Unlike the others, however, Krishnamoorthi, who represents a district in the Chicago suburbs, has actually increased his reliance on South Asian American donations since his first run for Congress in 2012, and he continues to receive a majority of his funding from South Asian Americans.Krishnamoorthi’s continued reliance on South Asian Americans for the bulk of his donations may have something to do with his politics differing from the other Samosa Caucus members — at least when it comes to issues that touch the subcontinent. These differences expose some of the ideological and political schisms within the broader South Asian American community — even among those just participating in Democratic Party politics — and is one reason fundraising primarily from other South Asian Americans can be challenging.Krishnamoorthi, for instance, has angered many for that are known for . He was also criticized for being the to attend the 2019 “Howdy, Modi!” event in Houston, where President Trump shared the stage with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, and the two leaders hailed India and America’s relationship. For his part, Krishnamoorthi has acknowledged the criticisms he’s faced, but he’s also described the situation as a catch-22, that he also faces pressures from Hindu Republicans who argue “he is not sufficiently ‘sympathetic to the Indian government or Hindu nationalists.’”Meanwhile, the other three sitting Indian American members of the House, who do not rely on as much funding from South Asian Americans, have been far more vocal in their criticism of Modi — about whom and Hindu nationalism. Khanna has that all Hindu American politicians should reject (the idea that India is inherently a Hindu nation). Bera about the importance of secularism in India, while Jayapal in 2019 that urged the Indian government to stop curtailing human rights in Jammu and Kashmir, which led India’s foreign minister to .Not relying on funding from Indian Americans has probably made it easier for Khanna, Bera and Jayapal to openly criticize the Indian government without alienating their donor — or voter — base. But budding South Asian American politicians, many of whom primarily rely on other South Asian Americans to get their start, may be forced to confront some of these issues head on. And in the process, they risk alienating donors or activists — or in some cases, both.Sri Preston Kulkarni has now run for Congress twice, both times in Texas’s 22nd Congressional District, a historically Republican district in the suburbs of Houston that has changed rapidly in the last two decades. Ultimately, Kulkarni or , but it remains fertile ground for someone like Kulkarni to run. Home to the city of whose population is nearly 40 percent Asian American and where the median household income is in the six figures, the 22nd District is one of those heavily suburban districts that , even if it hasn’t yet swung blue.In both elections, Kulkarni’s strategy centered on activating Asian American voters, whom he told me others had written off. “If you’re trying to call down lists of people who donate to other Democrats, you’re not gonna see a whole lot of Asian names there as a percentage,” said Kulkarni, echoing many of the challenges Patel told me about in his first bid for office.This fundraising strategy is how many South Asian politicians have gotten their start, and some — such as Krishnamoorthi — continue to succeed with it. But Krishnamoorthi’s district is far more Democratic-leaning than Kulkarni’s, giving him more latitude to take controversial positions. Krishnamoorthi also enjoys the benefits of being a two-term incumbent with an established base of support, while newcomer Kulkarni had to build up a coalition to win his race. This proved challenging.“You definitely don’t have a built-in network of Democratic donors,” he said. That’s why he said he initially relied on community leaders within specific affinity groups, like Hindu groups, Telugu groups, or groups of Asian hotel owners. “The community is so tightly networked, it is kind of like a natural bundling scenario,” he said.As you can see in the chart below, Kulkarni successfully appealed to the South Asian American community, raising more than half of his money from other South Asian Americans during his first run in 2018, as is typical of many first-time candidates. He started out his 2020 run with the support of many South Asian American donors, too, although with his and more support from the Democratic Party, he was able to diversify his base of financial support. Still, by the end of his 2020 run, about a third of his funding from individual contributors came from South Asian Americans.Kulkarni’s coalition building went beyond just fundraising, though. He also had to call people they knew or with whom they shared linguistic or cultural ties. Kulkarni for the phone banks he held in speaking to voters at both temples and mosques. His micro-targeting efforts were so specific that in our interview, he was able to cite the specific turnout numbers among those who primarily spoke Telugu or among Ismaili Muslims, members of a subsect of Islam who have a .But while Kulkarni received support from across the South Asian diaspora in 2018, his efforts to build a multicultural South Asian coalition hit roadblocks in 2020. In September, Emgage Action, a Muslim American PAC that had , hat they would not be endorsing him again, as well as his unwillingness to publicly condemn Modi administration policies.Kulkarni told me that “the bottom line” on the subject was that he ran “the most inclusive campaign ever,” adding that he had more Hindu and more Muslim volunteers than any campaign in Texas history. And in a , Kulkarni tried to address Muslim Americans’ concerns by promising to oppose the use of to strip Muslims in India of their citizenship. But , that wasn’t enough.The challenges Kulkarni encountered in building a “big tent coalition” in Texas’s 22nd District highlight just how difficult coalition building can be, even among South Asian Americans. And for some South Asian Americans, political support is not only about donating to candidates who look like them. The Texas chapter of , an organization that mobilizes South Asian Americans to help elect Democrats, didn’t even organize for Kulkarni. In 2020, for example, they focused on flipping Texas’s state House by targeting candidates in districts with high concentrations of South Asians. Muneezeh Kabir, a young Bangladeshi American They See Blue activist who went to high school in Kulkarni’s district, explained the organization’s reasoning. “It just so happens that, for the most part, the folks running in these races are not desi, but it sends a powerful message to people,” she said: “Feel free to be proud and to provide financial support to people who look like you, but also [give to] people who don’t look like you who still support the things that are important to you.”South Asian Americans clearly have enough money and concentrated political will at this point to help put candidates on the map. But who they choose to support — whether candidates who look like them or those who also support their causes — may ultimately shape the kind of influence this community has on U.S. politics writ large.This story was published in collaboration with . Snigdha Sur contributed editorial guidance.Dhrumil Mehta was a database journalist at FiveThirtyEight.Filed underYou are now subscribed!Email AddressSign me up

Suraj Patel’s 2020 campaign website featured three ads: one in English, one in Spanish and one in Gujarati. Only a of people in the New York City district where Patel was running speak Gujarati, but Patel told me that it was important that he have a video in his native language so that he could speak directly to his parents and the other Gujarati-speaking Americans who supported his campaign.In fact, it was primarily thanks to Gujarati Americans and other South Asian American donors that Patel was able to get his campaign off the ground in the first place. Nearly 84 percent of the $1...

Many South Asian Americans Tap Into Their Community To Kick-Start Their Political Careers

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