Name: An Analysis of the Accuracy of the Presentation of the Human Penis in Anatomical Source Materials
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An Analysis of the Accuracy of the Presentation of the Human Penis in Anatomical Source Materials

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AdvertisementThe purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the accuracy of the anatomical source materials regarding the human penis that are immediately available to medical school students and medical professionals. Ninety sources were vetted for entries and images of the penis — definitions, photos, illustrations, and drawings. We fmd 67% of the depictions of the human penis are anatomically incorrect. Of the primary images of the human penis, 71% are incorrect, while 54% of the secondary are incorrect. It is evident that the penis is misrepresented in the medical literature used in medical schools. The penis is routinely defined and depicted in a partially amputated condition, as if this were a natural state, without explanation or caveat. This study indicates that students are being misinformed about fundamental anatomy.This is a preview of subscription content, .ChapterUSD &nbsp; 29.95Price excludes VAT (USA)eBookUSD &nbsp; 109.00Price excludes VAT (USA)Softcover BookUSD &nbsp; 149.00Price excludes VAT (USA)Hardcover BookUSD &nbsp; 219.99Price excludes VAT (USA)Unable to display preview.&nbsp;Unable to display preview.&nbsp;Research was carried out in the medical lecture classrooms, labs, campus bookstores and libraries of the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), the University of Southern California (USC), and Santa Monica College (SMC).&nbsp;The 90 sources include:&nbsp;Abrahams PH, Hutchings RT, Marks SC Jr. McMinn’s Colour Atlas of Human Anatomy. 4th ed. London: Mosby; 1998. p. 232.&nbsp;Bickley LS. Bate’s Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1999. p. 387.&nbsp;Blackbourne LH, Antevil J, Moore Ch. Anatomy Recall. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000. p. 270, 279.&nbsp;Budget Functional Francis Torso. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Caime KW, Garfinkel P, et al. The Male Body: An Owners Manual. St. Martin’s Press; 1996.&nbsp;Clayman C, editor. The Human Body. London: Dorling Kindersley Publishers; 1995. p. 184.&nbsp;Clayman CB, editor. AMA Encyclopedia of Medicine. An A-to-Z Reference Guide to over 5,000 medical terms including Symptoms, Diseases, Drugs Treatments. New York: Random House; 1989. p. 466, 779, 862.&nbsp;Clemente CD. Anatomy — A Regional Atlas of the Human Body. 4th ed. Philadelphia:&nbsp;Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1997. p. 1, 179, 186, 188, 286-7, 290, 302, 308. Cohen J. The Penis Book. Cologne: Konemann Verlagsgesellschaft MbH; 1999. p. 2-100. Complete Care Manikin. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Cull P, editor. The Sourcebook of Medical Illustration. Parthenon Publishing Group; 1989. p. 164.&nbsp;Deluxe Condom Training Model. Skokie (IL): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002. Denoyer-Geppert Multi-Torso. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Davies A, Blakely AGH, Kidd C. Human Physiology. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone; 2001. p. 628.&nbsp;Dirckx JH, editor. Stedman’s Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins; 1997. p. A9, Al2, A19-21, PA26.&nbsp;Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 28th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994. p. 1652. Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 29th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000. p. 1780. Dox I, et al., editors. Melloni’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 4th ed. London: Parthenon Publishers; 2002. p. 368, 492, 527.&nbsp;Dulbecco R, editor. Encyclopedia of Human Biology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1991; 4. p. 486.&nbsp;Dulbecco R, editor. Encyclopedia of Human Biology. San Diego: Academic Press; 1991;6. p. 12, 14-5, 562.&nbsp;Dulbecco R, editor. Encyclopedia of Human Biology. 2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Press; 1997;7. plate 15, 518.&nbsp;Elliott, Boone. Recent advances in the management of the neurogenic bladder. Urology 2000 Dec Supp 1 6A; 56 (6A). p. 78.&nbsp;Gatesville Care Manikin. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Gatesville Child Care Manikin. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Goldman DR, editor in chief. American College of Physicians. Complete Home Medical&nbsp;Guide. 1st ed. New York: DK Publishing; 1999. p. 707, 709, 713, 717-9, 721-2, 726-7, 763, 771, 810.&nbsp;Goldstein I. Male Sexual Circuitry. Scientific American 2000 Aug. p. 70 - 5.&nbsp;Gosling, et al. Human Anatomy. 2nd ed. London: Gower Medical Publishers; 1990. p. 5. Gosling, et al. Atlas of Human Anatomy. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1985. p. 5.&nbsp;Gotto, AM, editor. The Cornell Illustrated Encyclopedia of Health. 1st ed. Washington DC: Lifeline Press; 2002. p. 890.&nbsp;Harris S, Harris J. Reproductive System. Permachart (cram chart). Concord: Papertech; 1999. Harris S, Harris J, Permachart Quick Reference Guide-Reproductive System. Concord: Permachart; 1999.&nbsp;Hatzichristou, Goldstein. Penile Microvascular Arterial Bypass. Surgery Annual. Appleton Lange; 1993. p. 218.&nbsp;Hellstrom WJG. Male Infertility Sexual Dysfunction. New York: Springer; 1997. p. 16, 39. Jacob S. Anatomy-An Examination Companion. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 342, 345.&nbsp;Keeffe EB. Know Your Body. The Atlas of Anatomy. Berkeley: Ulysses Press; 1999. p. 130, 132-3, 135.&nbsp;Knobil E, Neill JD. Encyclopedia of Reproduction. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998; 2. p. 39.&nbsp;Knobil E, Neill JD. Encyclopedia of Reproduction. San Diego: Academic Press; 1998;3. p. 37, 739 - 48.&nbsp;Larsen DE, editor. Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. New York: W. Morrow; 1996. p. 47, 1196, 1209, 1226, 1228.&nbsp;Lumley JSP. Surface Anatomy. The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Examination. 3rd ed. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingston; 2002. p. 49.&nbsp;Lutjen-Drecoll E, Rohen JW. Atlas of Anatomy-The Functional Systems of the Human Body. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins; 1998.&nbsp;MacPherson G, editor. Black’s Medical Dictionary. 38th ed. London: AC Black; 1995. p. 415.&nbsp;McCracken TO, general editor. New Atlas of Human Anatomy. MetroBooks; 2000. p. 106-7, 118-9, 148-9, 152-3, 155.&nbsp;Male Model with Bladder. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Male Pelvis Catherterization and Enema Simulator. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Male Reproductive System [chart]. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Marieb EN, Mallatt J. Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings; 2001. p. 689-90, 702, 704, 709 - 10.&nbsp;Martini FH, Bartholomew EF, Bledsoe BE. Anatomy Physiology for Emergency Care. Parasmus (NJ); Prentice Hall; 2002. p. 17, 532, 554, 569.&nbsp;Martini FH, Timmons MJ, McKinley MP. Human Anatomy. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 2000. p. 710, 712, 720.&nbsp;Moore KL, Agur AM. Essential Clinical Anatomy. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1995. p. 183.&nbsp;Moore KL, Dalley AF. Clinically Oriented Anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore; Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1999. p. 360, 403, 406 - 8.&nbsp;Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002. plate A-37, p. 700.&nbsp;Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 2nd ed. E. Hanover (NJ ): Novartis; 1997.&nbsp;Oliver MV. Rapid Review. Anatomical Reference Guide. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 1996. p. 30.&nbsp;O’Toole MT, editor. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, Allied Health. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1997. plate 13, p. 623.&nbsp;Paley M. The Book of the Penis. New York: Grove Press; 1999. p. 3, 100-114. Patient Peevy Manikin. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Patton KT, Thibodeau GA. Mosby’s Handbook of Anatomy Physiology. St. Louis: Mosby; 2000. p 546.&nbsp;Perez V. Quick Study Academic-Male Reproductive System [chart]. Boca Raton (FL): BarCharts Inc; 1999.&nbsp;Petrou SP, Barrett DM. The Use of Penile Prosthesis in Erectile Dysfunction. Seminars in Urology 1990; 8(2). p. 141, 144 - 47.&nbsp;Putz R, Pabst R, editors. Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. 21st ed. Munich: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000. p. 233, 235, 252.&nbsp;Putz R, Pabst R, editors, Atlas of Human Anatomy. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2002;2. p. 214, 231, 233-5, 252.&nbsp;Raff H. Physiology Secrets-Questions you will be asked in classrooms, on tests, on board exams. Philadelphia: Hanley Belfus; 1999.&nbsp;Rhoades R, Pflanzer RG. Human Physiology. 3rd ed. Fort Worth: Saunders College Publishers; 1996. p. 902, 908.&nbsp;Rohen W, Yokochi C. Color Atlas of Anatomy. Tokyo: Igaku Shoin; 1983. p. 319.&nbsp;Rohen W, Yokochi C, Lutjen-Drecoll, E. Color Atlas of Anatomy. 4th ed. Baltimore; Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1998. p. 316-7, 323-24, 326-7, 450-1, 453 - 4.&nbsp;Rohen W, Yokochi C, Lutjen-Drecoll, E. Color Atlas of Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2002. p. 318, 324, 332-3, 336.&nbsp;Schlegel, Goldstein. Anatomical Approach to Varicocelectomy. Seminars in Urology 1992; 10 (4). p. 245.&nbsp;Schwartz SI, et al., editors. Principles of Surgery. 7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 1999. p. 1758.&nbsp;Seeley RR, Stephens TD, Tate P. Essentials of Anatomy Physiology. 4th ed. Boston: WCB/McGraw Hill; 2002. p. 523.&nbsp;Segen JC, The Dictionary of Modem Medicine Illustrated. Parkridge ( NJ ): Parthenon Publishing Group; 1992. p. 115.&nbsp;Seidel HM, Ball JW, Damns JE, Benedict GW. Mosby’s Guide to Physical Examination. 4th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 1999. p. 645.&nbsp;Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000. p. 359, 367 - 8.&nbsp;Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy - An Illustrated Review with Questions and Explanations. Baltimore; Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000. p. 94.&nbsp;Spark RF. Sexual Health for Men. The Complete Guide. Cambridge (MA): Perseus Publishing; 2000. p. 39, 310.&nbsp;Springhouse Atlas of Human Anatomy. Springhouse (PA): Springhouse Corporation; 2001. p. 112, 245-7.&nbsp;Stedman TL. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott, Williams Wilkins; 2000. plate 26.&nbsp;Swan R. The Human Body on File. Facts on File; 1983. p. 10. 002.&nbsp;The Urinary Tract [chart]. Skokie ( IL ): Anatomical Chart Company; 2002.&nbsp;Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Structure and Function of the Body. 11th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2000. p 455.&nbsp;Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy Physiology, Male Reproductive System. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 11, 996-1013.&nbsp;Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 531 - 557.&nbsp;Tortora GJ. Principles of Human Anatomy. 8th ed. New York: John Wiley; 1999. p. 772, 783.&nbsp;Tortora GJ. Principles of Human Anatomy. 9th ed. New York: John Wiley; 2002. p. 488, 784-5, 795.&nbsp;Tortora GJ, Tallitsch RB. Anatomy and Physiology with Cat Dissections. 6th ed. Upper Saddle River (NJ): Prentice Hall; 2000. p. 368, 644 - 5.&nbsp;Townsend CM, Beauchamp DR, editors. Sabiston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practice. 16th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2001. p. 1682 - 3.&nbsp;VanDeGraaff K-M. Human Anatomy. 6th ed. New York: McGraw Hill; 2002. p. 699, 701, 710-1, 715, 720.&nbsp;Venes D editor. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 19th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2001. p. 821, 1607.&nbsp;Westheimer RK. Sex for Dummies. 2nd ed. Foster City (CA); IDG Books Worldwide; 2001. p. 16 - 7.&nbsp;Williams PL. Gray’s Anatomy-The Anatomical Basis of Medicine and Surgery. 38th ed. New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1995. p. 352, 1838-9, 1842, 1857.&nbsp;Willis MC. Medical Terminology: the language of health care. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins; 1996. p. 434.&nbsp;Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 543.&nbsp;Some secondary illustrations were so crudely drawn that it was unclear if the penis was intact or circumcised. Those illustrations were not considered in the figures.&nbsp;Those five sources include: Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996; Keeffe EB. Know Your Body. The Atlas of Anatomy. Berkeley: Ulysses Press; 1999; Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 2nd ed. E. Hanover (NJ): Novartis; 1997; Putz R, Pabst R, editors. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 13th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2002; 2; Tortora GJ. Principles of Human Anatomy. 9th ed. New York: John Wiley; 2002.&nbsp;Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 543.&nbsp;For more information about the ridged band, refer to: Taylor JR, Lockwood AP, Taylor AJ. The prepuce; specialized mucosa of the penis and its loss to circumcision. Br J Urol 1996;77:291-5; Taylor J. The prepuce: what, exactly, is removed by circumcision-a preliminary report. Second International Symposium on Circumcision. 30 April-3 May 1991, San Francisco, California; Cold CJ, McGrath KA. Anatomy and histology of the penile and clitoral prepuce in primates: evolutionary perspective of specialised sensory tissue of the external genitalia. In: Denniston GC, Hodges FM, Milos MF, editors. Male and Female Circumcision: Medical, Legal, and Ethical Considerations in Pediatric Practice. New York: Kluwer/Plenum; 1999. p. 19-29; Cold CJ, Taylor JR. The prepuce. BJU Int 1999; 83 Suppl 1:34-44; Gollaher DL. Circumcision. A History of the World’s Most Controversial Surgery. New York; 2000.&nbsp;The four sources that did not include that line are: Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 28th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1994; Dorland’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 29th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 2000; Dirckx JH, editor. Stedman’s Concise Medical Dictionary for the Health Professions. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Williams Wilkins; 1997; Stedman TL. Stedman’s Medical Dictionary. 27th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000.&nbsp;O’Toole MT, editor. Miller-Keane Encyclopedia Dictionary of Medicine, Nursing, Allied Health. 6th ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1997. p. 623.&nbsp;Tortora GJ. Principles of Human Anatomy. 8th ed. New York: John Wiley; 1999. p. 783.&nbsp;Segen JC. The Dictionary of Modem Medicine Illustrated. Parkridge ( NJ ): Parthenon Publishing Group; 1992. p. 115.&nbsp;Clayman CB, editor. AMA Encyclopedia of Medicine. An A-to-Z Reference Guide to over 5,000 medical terms including Symptoms, Diseases, Drugs Treatments. New York: Random House; 1989. p. 466.&nbsp;Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Anatomy Physiology, Male Reproductive System. St Louis (MO): Mosby; 1996; Patton KT, Thibodeau GA. Mosby’s Handbook of Anatomy Physiology. St Louis: Mosby; 2000; Thibodeau GA, Patton KT. Structure and Function of the Body. 11th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2000; Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary. 6th ed. St Louis: Mosby; 2002. plate A-37; Oliver MV. Rapid Review. Anatomical Reference Guide. Skokie (IL): Anatomical Chart Company; 1996; Rohen W, Yokochi C, Lutjen-Drecoll, E. Color Atlas of Anatomy. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2002; Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy-An Illustrated Review with Questions and Explanations. Baltimore; Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000; Clayman C, editor. The Human Body. London: Dorling Kindersley Publishers; 1995; Dox I, et al., editors. Melloni’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 4th ed. London: Parthenon Publishers; 2002.&nbsp;Clemente CD. Anatomy-A Regional Atlas of the Human Body. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1997. p. 287, 290.&nbsp;Rohen W, Yokochi Ch. Color Atlas of Anatomy. Tokyo: Igaku Shoin; 1983. p. 319; Clemente CD. Anatomy - A Regional Atlas of the Human Body. 4th ed. Baltimore; Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 1997. p. 1, 179, 186, 188, 286, 287, 290, 302, 308; Patton KT, Thibodeau GA. Mosby’s Handbook of Anatomy Physiology. St Louis: Mosby; 2000. p 546.&nbsp;Snell RS. Clinical Anatomy for Medical Students. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams Wilkins; 2000. p. 359.&nbsp;Larsen DE, editor. Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. New York: W. Morrow; 1996. p. 1196, 1209; Keeffe EB. Know Your Body. The Atlas of Anatomy. Berkeley: Ulysses Press; 1999. p. 130, 132-3, 135; Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 535; Dox I, et al., editors. Melloni’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 4th ed. London: Parthenon Publishers; -2002. p. 368; Cohen J. The Penis Book. Cologne: Konemann Verlagsgesellschaft MbH; 1999. p. 2-100; Netter FH. Atlas of Human Anatomy. 2nd ed. E. Hanover (NJ): Novartis; 1997.&nbsp;Larsen DE, editor. Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. New York: W. Morrow; 1996. p. 47; Thompson J, Wilson S. Health Assessment for Nursing Practice. St Louis: Mosby; 1996. p. 543.&nbsp;Dox I, et al., editors. Melloni’s Illustrated Medical Dictionary. 4th ed. London: Parthenon Publishers; 2002. p. 527.&nbsp;Venes D editor. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary. 19th ed. Philadelphia: FA Davis; 2001. p. 821.&nbsp;I.e. Canada, United Kingdom, Germany.&nbsp;McCracken TO, general editor. New Atlas of Human Anatomy. MetroBooks; 2000. p. 106-7, 118-9, 148-9, 152-3, 155, 222, 231.&nbsp;Canning, DA. Informed consent for neonatal circumcision: an ethical and legal conundrum. J Urol 2002; 168 (4 Pt 1): 1651.&nbsp;© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New YorkHarryman, G.L. (2004). An Analysis of the Accuracy of the Presentation of the Human Penis in Anatomical Source Materials.In: Denniston, G.C., Hodges, F.M., Milos, M.F. (eds) Flesh and Blood. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4011-0_2Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:Get shareable linkSorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.Copy to clipboardProvided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiativeChapterUSD &nbsp; 29.95Price excludes VAT (USA)eBookUSD &nbsp; 109.00Price excludes VAT (USA)Softcover BookUSD &nbsp; 149.00Price excludes VAT (USA)Hardcover BookUSD &nbsp; 219.99Price excludes VAT (USA)

AdvertisementThe purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the accuracy of the anatomical source materials regarding the human penis that are immediately available to medical school students and medical professionals. Ninety sources were vetted for entries and images of the penis — definitions, photos, illustrations, and drawings. We fmd 67% of the depictions of the human penis are anatomically incorrect. Of the primary images of the human penis, 71% are incorrect, while 54% of the secondary are incorrect. It is evident that the penis is misrepresented in the medical literature used...

An Analysis of the Accuracy of the Presentation of the Human Penis in Anatomical Source Materials

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